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LS as president, one page, 7.5 x 9, March 2, 1821. Addressed from Washington, an executive message to “the Congress of the United States,” in full: “I communicate to the two Houses of Congress Copies of a Treaty, this day duly satisfied on the part of the United States, concluded and signed at the Indian Springs on the 8th of January last, with the Creek Nation of Indians, — in order to such legislative measures as may be necessary for giving effect to it.” Signed below by President James Monroe. In fine condition, with an old mounting strip along the back left edge.
During Monroe's tenure, the removal of Indians continued in the wake of the Creek Wars, in which Andrew Jackson very successfully negotiated treaties with the Indians on behalf of the U.S. government, often obtaining huge tracts of land. His treaties with the Creeks won some 23,000,000 acres of land — more than half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia — for the United States in restitution for attacks on white settlements. Much of that territory belonged to Indians who had earlier been Jackson's allies.
The Treaty of Indian Springs (January 8, 1821) was an agreement between the United States and the Creek Nation, negotiated at what is now Indian Springs State Park in Georgia during a period of increasing pressure from American settlers for more land. Under the treaty, the Creeks ceded about 4 million acres in exchange for payments and debt relief. While some Creek leaders supported the agreement, it reflected deep internal divisions within the nation and was largely driven by U.S. expansionist aims.
Although successful for the United States in opening land to settlement, the treaty intensified tensions within the Creek Nation and failed to bring lasting stability. Many Creeks opposed further land cessions, and conflict continued, leading to additional controversial treaties and mounting pressure for removal—developments that ultimately contributed to the forced displacement of the Creek people in the following decades.
The Western Americana auction of Jochen Zeitz.
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