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Partly-printed DS as president, signed “R. B. Hayes,” one page, 8 x 10, December 16, 1880. President Hayes authorizes and directs the Secretary of State to cause the Seal of the United States to be affixed to “my letter in reply to a letter of Julio A. Roca announcing his inauguration as President of the Argentine Republic.” Signed at the conclusion by Rutherford B. Hayes. In fine condition.
Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914) was an Argentine army general and statesman who served as president from 1880–1886 and 1898–1904 and was a central figure of the Generation of ’80. During his presidencies, Argentina underwent major modernization, including the expansion of railroads and ports, increased foreign investment, large-scale European immigration, growth of the agricultural and pastoral economy, and secular reforms that strengthened state authority.
However, Roca is also a deeply controversial historical figure due to his leadership of the Conquest of the Desert, military campaigns against Indigenous peoples in Patagonia that resulted in widespread killings, displacement, and enslavement. In recent decades, historians and activists have increasingly characterized these actions as constituting genocide against Native Argentines.
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